The perils of being pope

Rome in the 1st century AD pulsated with religion. The knowledge that they lived in a sacred city, protected by the gods, permeated the daily lives of its citizens. They would see oxen being led down cobbled streets to be sacrificed on marble altars or offerings of incense and wine being made when the gods or the emperor demanded. There were constant religious festivals. At the Lupercalia, childless women were beaten with goatskin thongs that promised fertility; at the Saturnalia, Romans shed their togas, drank heavily and gambled. Even non-citizens and slaves were obliged to take part in these religious ceremonies.

In the darkened rooms of brick-and-stone tenements in the poorer quarters, others practised alien faiths, brought by the many traders from the far corners of Rome’s enormous empire. The Persian god Mithras had gained a firm footing; Serapis and Isis, whose acolytes completed their rituals by leaping into the Tiber, had arrived from Egypt.