The ancients were as fascinated by rumour as, to judge by recent events in Russia and the BBC, we are. Homer called rumour ‘the messenger of Zeus’, with a fondness for racing through crowds. Virgil described it as a winged monster, with an unsleeping eye under every feather, a mouth and tongue never silent and an ear always pricked, combining truth with lies and distortions. Ovid saw it as a sort of clearing-house ‘from which the whole world is in view’ – a structure of echoing brass, with thousands of entrances and exits, echoing back, and so increasing the volume of, the ‘murmured whisperings’ it picked up.
Roman politicians were well aware that rumour was an important force in creating public opinion. ‘The slightest breeze of rumour’, said Cicero, could change everything. So when Cicero in 51 bc left Rome to become governor of Cilicia, with civil war brewing between Pompey and Caesar, he asked his friend Caelius to keep him up to date with everything by letter – ‘the Senate’s decrees, the edicts, the gossips, the rumours’ – which Caelius did, on one occasion reporting the rumour that Cicero had been murdered! Rumours might be ‘headless and authorless’, said Cicero, but they demonstrated public reactions to events and were crucial in helping politicians to decide what steps to take next.
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