Next year there will be an election, and all the talk is of strategies for winning power. But for the elite Romans who thought about politics, the debate was not so much about power as about the ethics of those seeking it: did they possess virtus, i.e. moral excellence? And did they practise it? That was how Cicero, philosopher and statesman, began his discussion of the best form of state in his dialogue On the Republic.
In Rome’s ‘laws and customs’, developed over the years by men of virtus, he saw embedded ‘devotion, justice, good faith, fair dealing, decency, restraint, the fear of disgrace, and the desire for praise and honour’, together with ‘fortitude in hardship and danger’. Only policies drawn up by statesmen committed to those values could ‘increase the wealth of the human race, and make men’s lives safer and richer’.
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